Thomas Oxley wasn’t even on call the day he received the page to come into Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospital in Manhattan. There weren’t enough doctors to treat all the emergency stroke patients, and he was needed in the operating room.
The patient’s chart appeared unremarkable at first glance. He was male,
no medications, no history of chronic conditions. He had been feeling fine, hanging out at home during the lockdown like the rest of America, when suddenly, he had trouble talking and moving the right side of his body. Imaging showed a large blockage on the left side of his head.
Oxley gasped when he got to the
patient’s age and Covid-19 status:
44, positive.
The man was among several recent stroke patients in their 30s to 40s who were all infected with the virus. The median age for that type of severe stroke is 74.
As Oxley, an interventional neurologist, began the procedure to remove the clot, he observed something he had never seen before. On the monitors, the brain typically shows up as a tangle of black squiggles – “like a can of spaghetti,” he said – that provide a map of blood vessels. A clot shows up as a blank spot. As he used a needle-like device to pull out the clot, he saw new clots forming in real time around it.This is crazy,” he remembers telling his boss.
Reports of strokes in the young and middle-aged – not just at Mount Sinai but in many other hospitals in hard-hit communities – are the latest twist in our evolving understanding of the mysteries of Covid-19.
Even as the virus has infected nearly 2.8 million people worldwide and killed 195,000 as of Friday, its origins, biological mechanisms and weaknesses continue to elude top scientific minds. Once thought to be a pathogen that primarily attacks the lungs, it has turned out to be a much more formidable foe – affecting nearly every major organ system in the body.Until recently, there was little hard data on strokes and Covid-19.One report out of Wuhan, China, showed that some hospitalised patients had experienced strokes but many of those were seriously ill and elderly. But the linkage was considered more of “a clinical hunch by a lot of really smart people,” said Sherry H-Y Chou, a University of Pittsburgh neurologist and critical care doctor.
Now three large US medical centres are preparing to publish data on the stroke phenomenon for the first time. The numbers are small, only a few dozen per location, but they provide new insights into what the virus does to our bodies.
Stroke, a sudden interruption the blood supply, is a complex problem with numerous causes and presentations. It can be caused by heart problems, clogged arteries due to cholesterol, even substance abuse. Mini-strokes often don’t cause permanent damage and can resolve on their own within 24 hours. Bigger ones can be catastrophic.
The analyses suggest coronavirus patients are mostly experiencing the deadliest type of stroke. Known as large vessel occlusions or LVOs, they can obliterate large parts of the brain responsible for movement, speech and decision-making in one blow because they are in the main blood-supplying arteries.
Many researchers suspect strokes in novel coronavirus patients may be a direct consequence of blood problems that are producing clots all over some people’s bodies.
Clots that form on vessel walls fly upward so one that started in the calves might migrate to the lungs, causing a blockage called a pulmonary embolism that arrests breathing – a known cause of death in Covid-19 patients. Clots in or near the heart might lead to a heart attack, another common cause of death. Anything above that would likely go to the brain, leading to a stroke.
Robert Stevens, a critical care doctor at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, called stroke “one of the most dramatic manifestations” of the blood clotting issues. “We’ve also taken care of patients in their 30s with stroke and Covid, and this was extremely surprising,” he said.Many doctors expressed worry that as the New York City Fire Department was picking up four times as many people who died at home as normal during the peak of infection, that some of the dead had suffered sudden strokes. The truth may never be known because so few autopsies were conducted.
Chou said one question is whether the clotting is a due to direct attack on the blood vessels, or “a friendly fire problem” caused by the patient’s immune response.
“In your body’s attempt to fight off the virus, does the immune response end up hurting your brain?” she asked. Chou is hoping to answer such questions through a review of stroke and other neurological complication in Covid-19 patients treated at 68 medical centres in 17 countries.
Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, which operates 14 medical centres in Philadelphia and NYU Langone in New York City, found that 12 of their patients treated for large blood blockages in their brains during a three-week period had the virus. Forty per cent were under 50 and had few or no risk factors. Their paper is under review by a medical journal, said Pascal Jabbour, a neurosurgeon at Thomas Jefferson.
Jabbour and his co-author Eytan Raz, an assistant professor of neuroradiology at NYU Langone, said that strokes in Covid-19 patients challenge conventionally thinking. “We are used to thinking of 60 as a young patient when it comes to large vessel occlusions,” Raz said of the deadliest strokes. “We have never seen so many in their 50s, 40s and late 30s.”
Raz wondered whether they are seeing more young patients because they are more resistant than the elderly to the respiratory distress caused by Covid-19: “So they survive the lung side, and in time develop other issues.”
Jabbour said many of the cases he’s treated have unusual characteristics. Brain clots usually appear in the arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, but in Covid-19 patients, he’s also seeing them in the veins, which carry blood in the opposite direction and are trickier to treat. Some patients are also developing more than one large clot in their heads, which is highly unusual.
“We’ll be treating a blood vessel and it will go fine, but then the patient will have a major stroke” due to a clot in another part of the brain, he said.
At Mount Sinai, the largest medical system in New York City, physician-researcher J Mocco said the number of patients coming in with large blood blockages in their brains doubled during the three weeks of the Covid-19 surge to more than 32, even as the number of other emergencies fell. More than half of them were Covid-19 positive.
It isn’t just the number of patients that was unusual. The first wave of the pandemic has hit the elderly and those with heart disease, diabetes, obesity or other pre-existing conditions disproportionately. The Covid-19 patients treated for stroke at Mount Sinai were younger and mostly without risk factors.
On average the Covid-19 stroke patients were 15 years younger than stroke patients without the virus.
“These are people among the least likely statistically to have a stroke,” Mocco said.
Mocco, who has spent his career studying stroke and how to treat it, said he was “completely shocked” by the analysis. He noted the link between Covid-19 and stroke “is one of the clearest and most profound correlations I’ve come across.”
“This is much too powerful of a signal to be chance or happenstance,” Mocco said.
In a letter to be published in the New England Journal of Medicine next week, the Mount Sinai team details five case studies of young patients who had strokes at home from 23 March to 7 April. They make for difficult reading: The victims are age 33, 37, 39, 44, and 49, and were all home when they began to experience sudden symptoms, including slurred speech, confusion, drooping on one side of the face and feeling dead in one arm.
One died, two remain hospitalised, one was released to rehabilitation and one was released home to the care of his brother. Only one of the five, a 33-year-old woman, is able to speak.
Oxley, the interventional neurologist, said one striking aspect of the cases is how long many waited before seeking emergency care.
The 33-year-old was previously healthy but had had a cough and headache for about a week. Over the course of 28 hours, she noticed her speech was slurred and that she was going numb and weak on her left side but, the researchers wrote, “delayed seeking emergency care due to fear of the Covid-19 outbreak.”
It turned out she was already infected.
By the time she arrived at the hospital, a CT scan showed she had two clots in her brain and patchy “ground glass” in her lungs – a hallmark of Covid-19 infection. She was given two different types of therapy to try to break up the clots and by day 10, she was well enough to be discharged.
Oxley said the most important thing for people to understand is that large strokes are very treatable. Doctors are often able to reopen blocked blood vessels through techniques such as pulling out clots or inserting stents. But it must be done quickly, ideally within six hours and no longer than 24 hours, Oxley said: “The message we are trying to get out is if you have symptoms of stroke, you need to call the ambulance urgently. “
As for the 44-year-old man Oxley was treating, doctors were able to remove the large clot that day in late March, but the patient is still struggling. As of this week, a little over a month after he arrived in the emergency room, he is still hospitalised.
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