Άλλη δυνατή προελληνική απλοομάδα είναι η G2a
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Mathieson et al. (2017) tested numerous individuals from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Balkans and found the clades L91 (in MN Bulgaria), P303 (in Middle Neolithic Bulgaria and in the Trypillian culture), Z1903 (in Chalcolithic Bulgaria), L42 (in the Trypillian culture), and PF3359 (in the Varna culture).
Ötzi the Iceman (see famous individuals below), Europe's best preserved natural mummy, who died in the Italian Alps 5,000 years ago, during the Chalcolithic, belonged to haplogroup G2a2a2 (L91), a relatively rare subclade found nowadays in the Middle East, southern Europe (especially Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica) and North Africa. G2a2 (PF3146) is otherwise found at low frequencies all the way from the Levant to Western Europe. In conclusion, European Neolithic farmers would have belonged to G2a2a (PFF3146) and G2a2b (L30) and their subclades.
Nowadays G2a is found mostly in mountainous regions of Europe, for example, in the Apennine mountains (15 to 25%) and Sardinia (12%) in Italy, Cantabria (10%) and Asturias (8%) in northern Spain, Austria (8%), Auvergne (8%) and Provence (7%) in south-east France, Switzerland (7.5%), the mountainous parts of Bohemia (5 to 10%), Romania (6.5%) and Greece (6.5%). The hilly terrain of southern Europe indeed makes it ideally suited for herding goats, which G2a men brought with them during the Early Neolithic period. But the most likely explanation is that mountains provided refuge for G2a tribes after the Proto-Indo-European speakers invaded Europe from the steppes of Russia and Ukraine during the Late Copper Age and the Bronze Age (see history of R1a and R1b).
Steppe people were almost exclusively cattle and horse pastoralists and first settled in flat regions like the Hungarian Plain, the North European Plain and the Baltic region. Even after reaching Western Europe, they favoured relatively low lying regions like the Low Countries, western France and the British Isles, where R1b lineages now exceeds 60%, and in some places 80% of the population. In fact, the highest percentages of G2a today are found in the regions last invaded by R1a and R1b people. Indo-Europeans didn't penetrate into Iberia until 1800 BCE and did not cover the whole peninsula until 1200 BCE, and pockets of G2a survive in particularly isolated areas like the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian mountains, or the arid highlands of La Mancha. The Proto-Italics only crossed the Alps into Italy from 1300 BCE and settled more densely in the north, explaining the north-south gradient in R1b in modern Italy, which is practically the mirror of Neolithic haplogroups like G2a and T1a. Sardinians spoke a non-Indo-European language until the Roman conquest, only 2,000 years ago.
The distribution map of all G2a subclades does not impart just how thoroughly Proto-Indo-Europeans eliminated G2a lineages in the northern half of Europe because Proto-Indo-Europeans also carried one type of G2a that was assimiated around the Pontic Steppe. These G2a lineages that were Indo-Europeanised before the great migrations belonged to deep clades of G2a-L140 such as L13 and Z1816 (see below). Nowadays, the Neolithic clades of G2a are found especially in Anatolia, the southern Balkans, the Apennines, central France, and in the Pyrennees. They only represent a tiny fraction of all the G2a in the northern half of Europe, where the Indo-European G2a clades are dominant.
G2a people may have been among the first humans to have acquired the alleles for fair skin (έτσι εξηγείται μάλλον το ότι ανοικτόδερμος ξανθός). A hunter-gatherer from northern Spain tested by Olalde et al. 2014 still had dark skinned as recently as 7,000 years ago. In contrast, Early Neolithic farmers from the Balkans and Germany already possessed the alleles for fair skin found in modern Europeans. It is still unclear exactly when and among which haplogroup fair skin arose, but it has been suggested that the new diet brought by cereral agriculture would have caused deficiencies in vitamin D, which was traditionally absorbed from fish and meat among foragers. Mutations for light skin would have been positively selected among Neolithic agriculturalists to stimulate the production of vitamin D from sunlight in order to compensate for the scarcity of meat.
Δεν έχετε τα απαραίτητα δικαιώματα για να δείτε τα συνημμένα αρχεία σε αυτήν τη δημοσίευση.
Για εξήγησέ μας - υπανάπτυκτε Νεολιθικέ Προέλληνα που οι Ελ σου έδωσαν τα φώτα και έγινες άνθρωπος 
- γιατί οι Νορβηγοί έχουν 25 % R1a ; Ομοίως οι Σουηδοί 17 % ; Εγκαταστάθηκαν στη Νορβηγία και τη Σουηδία Σλάβοι ; 
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